The National Uptick in Human Trafficking: A Growing Crisis in America and Worldwide

Human trafficking is a grave violation of human rights that involves the exploitation of individuals through force, fraud, or coercion. The United Nations Office on Drugs and Crime (UNODC) defines human trafficking as the recruitment, transportation, transfer, harboring, or receipt of persons by improper means (such as force, abduction, fraud, or coercion) for an improper purpose, including forced labor or sexual exploitation.

In the United States, human trafficking takes various forms, including:

• Sex trafficking
• Labor trafficking
• Child sex trafficking
• Domestic servitude
• Forced criminal activities

Sex trafficking is one of the most prevalent forms of human trafficking in the United States. It involves the exploitation of individuals, often women and children, for commercial sex acts. According to the National Human Trafficking Hotline, sex trafficking accounted for the majority of reported cases in recent years.

Victims of sex trafficking are often subjected to severe physical, emotional, and psychological abuse. They may be forced to engage in commercial sexual exploitation through various means, including:

• Violence or threats of violence
• Drug addiction
• Emotional manipulation
• Economic abuse
• Isolation from family and friends

Child sex trafficking is a particularly heinous form of human trafficking that involves the sexual exploitation of minors. According to the National Center for Missing & Exploited Children (NCMEC), reports of child sex trafficking have increased significantly in recent years.

Traffickers often target vulnerable youth, including:

• Runaways
• Children in foster care
• Victims of abuse or neglect
• LGBTQ+ youth
• Children with mental health or substance abuse issues

Labor trafficking refers to the recruitment, harboring, transportation, provision, or obtaining of a person for labor or services through the use of force, fraud, or coercion for subjection to involuntary servitude, peonage, debt bondage, or slavery.

This form of trafficking can occur in various industries, including:

• The agriculture sector has a significant incidence of forced labor, with an estimated 24% of all cases occurring in this industry. Workers are often subjected to harsh working conditions, threats, and physical abuse.
• The construction industry (18%) and mining (7%) are also notable sectors where forced labor is prevalent, with workers frequently facing hazardous conditions and coercion to remain in servitude.
• Domestic work involves cleaning, cooking, childcare, and elderly care within private homes. Labor trafficking in this sector can occur when domestic workers, often migrants, are subjected to involuntary servitude or debt bondage.
• The manufacturing industry includes producing goods ranging from clothing and electronics to toys and furniture. Labor trafficking in manufacturing involves workers being forced to work under threat, with little to no pay, often in hazardous conditions.
• The hospitality industry includes hotels, resorts, restaurants, and catering services. Labor trafficking in this sector involves workers being coerced or deceived into working in exploitative conditions.
• The beauty services industry encompasses salons, spas, and nail bars. Labor trafficking in this sector involves workers being forced to provide beauty services under coercive conditions.

Victims of labor trafficking are often foreign nationals or migrants who are lured with false promises of legitimate employment opportunities. Once in the trafficker’s control, they are subjected to various forms of exploitation, including:

• Debt bondage or bonded labor is a prevalent form of forced labor. Victims are forced to work to repay debts or loans under conditions that are exploitative and typically involve little to no payment.
• Withholding of wages occurs when employers refuse to pay workers their earned wages, delay payments, or pay them significantly less than what was initially agreed upon. This practice coerces workers into continuing labor under exploitative conditions.
• Confiscation of identification documents involves employers taking away workers’ passports, visas, or other essential documents to restrict their freedom of movement and prevent them from escaping or seeking help.
• Threats of deportation involve employers using workers’ immigration status against them by threatening to report them to immigration authorities to have them deported if they do not comply with exploitative demands.
• Physical abuse involves the use of violence or physical force against workers, while psychological abuse includes threats, intimidation, humiliation, and other mental manipulations to exert control over workers.

Forced begging is a harrowing facet of human trafficking where individuals are coerced, abducted, or deceived into begging on the streets, often in degrading and inhumane conditions. This practice is not merely a social issue but a violation of human rights, deeply rooted in exploitation and abuse.

Forced begging involves victims, often children, being compelled to beg for money or goods. Traffickers exploit the most vulnerable sections of society using various forms of coercion, including physical violence, threats, psychological manipulation, and debt bondage.

The International Labour Organization (ILO) estimates that children make up about 30% of all human trafficking victims globally, with forced begging being a common form of exploitation among them. In many cases, these children are trafficked from rural to urban areas or across national borders.

Traffickers often take a significant portion of the money that victims collect, leaving them in a cycle of poverty and dependency. Victims may be forced to meet daily quotas and are punished if they fail to do so.

Organ trafficking is a grievous and covert branch of human trafficking where individuals are exploited for their organs. This illegal trade often involves the coercion, abduction, or deception of vulnerable individuals to harvest organs such as kidneys, liver, or heart for transplantation. The victims of organ trafficking suffer severe human rights violations, and the practice poses significant ethical and public health challenges.

This branch of trafficking can involve live donors who are coerced or deceived, deceased donors whose organs are stolen, or individuals killed explicitly for their organs.

The World Health Organization (WHO) estimates that 5-10% of all kidney transplants worldwide are conducted illegally, making the illicit trade in organs a significant issue globally.

Reports indicate that migrants, refugees, and homeless persons are especially vulnerable to organ trafficking due to their precarious socio-economic conditions.

In forced marriages, individuals, often women and girls, are compelled to marry without their free and informed consent. This practice violates fundamental human rights and usually leads to further exploitation, abuse, and servitude.

Unlike consensual arranged marriages, where both parties agree voluntarily, forced marriages leave the victims with no choice. This practice can create conditions that are akin to modern-day slavery.

Forced marriage often intersects with child marriage. According to UNICEF, globally, one in five girls is married before the age of 18, and one in 20 before the age of 15.

Approximately 650 million women and girls alive today were married before their 18th birthday.

Children, defined as individuals under the age of 18, are unlawfully recruited or used by armed forces or groups. This includes not only those who participate directly in hostilities but also children used in auxiliary roles such as cooks, porters, messengers, spies, or for sexual purposes.

Children are forcibly taken from their homes, schools, or communities by armed groups or government forces. Often, entire communities are terrorized, and children are kidnapped, with families threatened to ensure compliance.

Some children may “volunteer” for military service due to desperation, such as poverty, lack of education, or the need for protection, not realizing the full extent of the exploitation. Propaganda and indoctrination can also play roles in convincing children to join armed groups.

Exposure to violence leads to severe trauma, both physical injuries and psychological conditions, such as PTSD, anxiety, and depression.

Rehabilitation is challenging, requiring extensive support to reintegrate into civilian life and cope with trauma effects.

Recent data from various sources, including the National Human Trafficking Hotline and the Department of Justice, indicates a concerning increase in human trafficking cases across the United States. This uptick can be attributed to several factors, including increased awareness and reporting and improved data collection methods.

Impact of the COVID-19 Pandemic

The COVID-19 pandemic has exacerbated vulnerabilities and created new opportunities for traffickers to exploit individuals. Factors contributing to the increased risk of trafficking during the pandemic include:

• Economic instability and job loss
• Increased isolation and online activities
• Reduced access to support services
• Disruptions in education and childcare

According to a report by Polaris, there was a 40% increase in crisis trafficking situations during the first month of the pandemic compared to the previous month.

Technology and Human Trafficking

The rise of technology and social media has presented both challenges and opportunities in the fight against human trafficking. While traffickers use online platforms to recruit and exploit victims, law enforcement agencies and NGOs are leveraging technology to identify and rescue victims, as well as to prosecute traffickers.

Law enforcement agencies at the federal, state, and local levels play a crucial role in combating human trafficking. The Department of Justice (DOJ) leads the federal government’s prosecution efforts, working in collaboration with various agencies, including:

• Federal Bureau of Investigation (FBI)
• Department of Homeland Security (DHS)
• Department of Labor (DOL)
• Department of State (DOS)

Prosecutions and Legal Framework

Federal law, including the Trafficking Victims Protection Act (TVPA), provides a robust legal framework for prosecuting human trafficking offenses. The TVPA emphasizes victim assistance and protection, ensuring that trafficking victims receive the necessary support to rebuild their lives. Prosecutions of human trafficking cases have seen an uptick, reflecting the commitment of the justice system to combat this crime.

Combating human trafficking requires a multi-faceted approach involving law enforcement, non-governmental organizations (NGOs), and international organizations. Outreach and awareness campaigns are crucial in educating the public about the signs of trafficking and how to report potential victims.

Human trafficking task forces, comprising federal, state, and local law enforcement agencies, work collaboratively to investigate and prosecute trafficking offenses. Stakeholders, including service providers and NGOs, play a vital role in supporting victims and advocating for policy changes.

Non-governmental organizations like Polaris and the International Organization for Migration (IOM) provide essential services to trafficking victims. These organizations offer victim assistance, legal support, and mental health services, ensuring a holistic approach to recovery.

Federal law, such as the Trafficking Victims Protection Act (TVPA), provides a comprehensive framework for addressing human trafficking. State legislation also plays a crucial role in supporting victims and prosecuting traffickers. Lawmakers continue to advocate for stronger policies and increased funding to combat human trafficking.

Accurate data collection is essential for understanding the prevalence of human trafficking and developing effective interventions. The Human Trafficking Data Collection Program by the Bureau of Justice Statistics (BJS) aims to improve data collection on human trafficking offenses and victim demographics.

According to the National Human Trafficking Hotline, there were over 11,000 reported cases of human trafficking in the United States in the previous year. These statistics highlight the urgent need for continued efforts to combat human trafficking and support victims.

A critical aspect of combating human trafficking is the adoption of a victim-centered approach. This approach prioritizes the needs and well-being of trafficking victims throughout the investigation and prosecution process. Critical elements of a victim-centered approach include:

Physical Impact

• The impact of child sex trafficking on victims is devastating, often resulting in long-term physical and psychological trauma.
• Victims often suffer from physical abuse, which can result in broken bones, bruises, and other serious bodily injuries.
• The risk of contracting diseases such as HIV/AIDS, gonorrhea, syphilis, and other STIs is significantly heightened.
• Long-term impacts can include chronic pain, gastrointestinal issues, migraines, and other health complications.
• Often, traffickers force victims into drug and alcohol dependency to exert control over them, leading to addiction and various health issues related to substance abuse.

Psychological Impact

• Victims often experience post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD), characterized by flashbacks, severe anxiety, and uncontrollable thoughts about the trauma.
• Others experience depression, which can lead to feelings of hopelessness, loss of interest in daily activities, and even suicidal thoughts or behaviors.
• Victims may suffer from chronic anxiety, including panic attacks and constant worry or fear. Complex trauma involves the coping strategies and mental states developed over long-term trauma exposure, which can be more challenging to treat.
• Trust issues and fear of intimacy often impede the forming of healthy relationships. Children and young adults may struggle with school or work due to their traumatic experiences.

Social Impact

• Society often stigmatizes trafficking victims, which can lead to victim-blaming and further isolation. In some cases, families may reject victims due to shame, ignorance, or cultural beliefs.
• Reintegrating into the community and establishing a sense of normalcy can be challenging. Limited education and work opportunities can also hinder economic independence and stability.

The intersection of substance use disorder (SUD) and human trafficking is a complex and multifaceted issue. These social problems often coexist and reinforce each other, creating a cycle that can be challenging to break.

According to the National Institute on Drug Abuse (NIDA), human traffickers often target individuals with SUD as they may see them as more vulnerable and easier to control. Studies have found that many individuals involved in trafficking have histories of substance use, with some becoming addicted as a direct result of their exploitation.

On the other hand, drugs and alcohol can be used as tools of coercion, with traffickers providing substances to create dependency and manipulate victims.

Both human trafficking and SUD are often linked to trauma and vulnerabilities such as poverty, abuse, and mental health issues. Traffickers exploit these vulnerabilities, and the trauma experienced by victims can lead to substance use as a coping mechanism.

Individuals trapped in trafficking situations may face significant barriers to seeking help for SUD. The fear of traffickers, shame, lack of resources, and isolation can all prevent victims from accessing treatment.

The intersection of SUD and trafficking often affects women and minors disproportionately. Women forced into sex trafficking are particularly susceptible to becoming dependent on substances as a way to endure the abuse they experience.

Available Treatment Options

Providing integrated care that addresses both SUD and the trauma associated with trafficking is crucial for recovery. Immediate psychological support for those in acute distress can stabilize individuals and prevent further harm.

• Medical detoxification under professional supervision is often the first step for individuals with SUD. Rehabilitation programs that include medical support can help manage withdrawal symptoms and provide a stable foundation for recovery.
• Holistic approaches that include mental health counseling, medical care, and social support can help victims rebuild their lives.
• Evidence-based trauma therapies, such as Cognitive Behavioral Therapy (CBT), Dialectical Behavioral Therapy (DBT), Eye Movement Desensitization and Reprocessing (EMDR), group therapy, and individual counseling specifically address trauma can help victims process and heal from their experiences.
• Medication-assisted treatment (MAT) uses medications, in combination with counseling and behavioral therapies, to treat SUD. Medications such as methadone, buprenorphine, and naltrexone can be effective in reducing cravings and withdrawal symptoms.
• Aftercare planning, which includes assistance with housing, legal services, vocational training, and educational opportunities, can help individuals rebuild their lives.

Recovery from SUD and trauma can be a long process. Continuous and consistent support, rather than short-term interventions, increases the likelihood of lasting recovery.

Numerous organizations and government agencies provide essential services to trafficking victims, including emergency shelter and housing, medical and mental health care, substance abuse treatment, and legal assistance. Job training and education coupled with family reunification services are necessary.

The Department of Health and Human Services (HHS) plays a crucial role in coordinating victim services and providing grants to organizations that support trafficking survivors.

National Resources

• Department of Justice Human Trafficking Resources provides legal information and victim assistance.
• International Organization for Migration (IOM) is a database of global resources and assistance for trafficking victims.
• National Human Trafficking Hotline is available at 1-888-373-7888 or text 233733.
• National Center for Missing & Exploited Children (NCMEC) has resources for child victims and families.
• Office on Trafficking in Persons (OTIP) offers victims and service providers resources.
• Polaris provides comprehensive resources and information on human trafficking.
• United Nations Office on Drugs and Crime (UNODC) has international resources and information on human trafficking.

Legal Assistance and Visas

• Coalition to Abolish Slavery and Trafficking (CAST) provides legal representation, advocacy, and survivor services.
• Freedom Network USA offers legal assistance and training for professionals.
• Human Trafficking Legal Center provides legal representation, pro bono services, and advocacy.
• Kids in Need of Defense (KIND) supports unaccompanied immigrant and refugee children.
• Tahiri Justice Center caters to immigrant survivors of violence.
• U.S. Citizenship and Immigration Services (USCIS) oversees visa application processes, such as the T and U visas. These visas temporarily allow victims to remain in the United States and provide access to certain benefits and services.

International Organizations

• Anti-Slavery International offers legal advocacy, support, and policy change efforts.
• ECPAT International is founded on advocacy, legal support, and policy change to end child trafficking.
• La Strada International supplies legal aid, counseling, and advocacy for trafficking survivors.

Mental Health and Support Services

• Crisis Text Line offers 24/7 support with a live, trained crisis counselor. Text HOME to 741741.
• DeafLEAD provides a 24/7 videophone crisis line for deaf and hard-of-hearing individuals. Call 1-573-303-5604 or text HAND to 839863.
• Lifeline is for individuals thinking about suicide, are worried about a friend or loved one, or would like emotional support. Call the Lifeline at 1-800-799-4889 or click the Chat button on their website.
• My Possible Self is a clinically proven app that helps reduce stress and anxiety by reframing the future positively, reminding you of your progress, and providing goal-based learning.
• notOK App is a digital “panic button” for immediate support when you’re struggling to reach out. You set your trusted contacts as your support.
• ReachOut is a youth-focused, safe place to connect with others and chat anonymously. Get support and feel better.
• Sanvello offers support for anyone who’s going through mild anxiety, depression, and stress using techniques rooted in cognitive behavioral therapy (CBT) and peer support.
• The Lonely Hour helps individuals feel less alone with this podcast, hosted by Julia Bainbridge. She works to break the stigma of loneliness and celebrate the joy in solitude.
• The NAMI HelpLine is a free, nationwide peer-support service providing information, resource referrals, and support to people with mental health conditions. Call 800-950-NAMI (6264) or text “HelpLine” to 62640.
• The Plum Village App is free with unique guided meditations, deep relaxations, and other practices offered by the late Zen master Thich Nhat Hanh and his monastic community.
• The Trevor Project is a national organization providing a full range of crisis intervention and suicide prevention services to LGBTQ+ youth. They offer a hotline, text, or chat. Call 866-488-7386, text 678678, or chat online.

Substance Use Disorder Resources

• Addiction Unlimited is an addiction podcast with a real-life approach to living substance-free, supportive community, and Coaching services.
• Alcoholics Anonymous is an international support group for quitting drinking. AA provides support through its twelve-step program to help individuals overcome a drinking problem.
• FindTreatment.gov is a confidential and anonymous resource for persons seeking mental and substance use disorder treatment in the United States and its territories.
• Fitness and Nutrition Resources teaches strategies for getting better while in recovery. These strategies involve implementing exercise and nutrition into everyday life while maintaining a healthy mind and body.
• I Am Sober is a highly user-friendly sobriety-tracking app with features to help users build new habits and connect with the recovery community.
• LBGTQ+ Substance Abuse Resources is a curated selection of resources on how substance abuse affects this community and how rehab centers can help.
• Learn 2 Cope is a nonprofit support network offering education, resources, peer support, and hope for parents and family members coping with a loved one addicted to opioids or other drugs.
• NASADAD is a collection of essential resources from the federal government relating to substance use disorders.
• Recovery Today is one of the top digital magazines for the addiction recovery community, and you can access every issue with its app.
• Sober Grid is a social networking app, “the world’s largest recovery app,” specifically designed for people in recovery. 
• Narcotics Anonymous helps those trying to overcome drug or alcohol dependence using their twelve-step program.
• Relapse Prevention Plan is a straightforward guide to creating a guide for recovery.
• Shatterproof is an organization dedicated to substance abuse that helps with essential information on where to get help in a crisis and types of aftercare or post-treatment support.
• SMART Recovery is the leading evidence-based, non-12-step addiction recovery program. Join a complimentary meeting today and begin experiencing a Life Beyond Addiction.
• Substance Abuse and Mental Health Services Administration (SAMSHA) provides treatment referral and information services for individuals and families dealing with mental health problems and substance use disorders.
• The Confident Health app matches you to other individuals for support and recovery purposes.
• Women for Sobriety is a nonprofit that uses in-person meetings and an online virtual community forum where women can share and seek support for substance use disorders.

Despite significant progress in combating human trafficking, several challenges remain:

• Underreporting and hidden nature of the crime
• Lack of resources for victim services
• Inadequate training for first responders and healthcare providers
• Difficulties in prosecuting traffickers
• Addressing root causes of vulnerability

Future efforts to combat human trafficking should focus on:

• Enhancing collaboration between stakeholders
• Improving data collection and analysis
• Increasing funding for victim services and prevention programs
• Addressing demand for commercial sex and forced labor
• Leveraging technology for prevention and intervention
• Strengthening legislation and enforcement

The fight against human trafficking requires the collective effort of government agencies, NGOs, businesses, and communities. By raising awareness, supporting victims, and holding traffickers accountable, we can make significant strides in combating this human rights violation and creating a safer, more just society for all.

The national uptick in human trafficking is a stark reminder of the ongoing battle against this heinous crime. Efforts to combat human trafficking require a comprehensive approach involving law enforcement, NGOs, government agencies, and the community. By raising awareness, supporting victims, and strengthening legal frameworks, we can work towards a future free from human trafficking.

Remember, reaching out for help is a sign of strength. To connect with our team at The Summit Wellness Group, complete our contact form. Let us help you find the right fit for your treatment.